Physical Chemistry The First Law3The Second And Third Laws4Physical Transformations Of Pure Substances5Simple Mixtures

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Heat does not flow spontaneously from a cool body to a hotter body. The entropy of an isolated system (e.g. the universe) increases in the course of a spontaneous change. ?Suniverse = ?Ssystem + ?Ssurroundings , where ?Suniverse > 0 for a spontaneous process Entropy Conceptual definition: Is a measure of how much energy is in the system, and how spread out this energy is in the system. Statistical definition: Entropy is proportional to the number of microstates the components of a system can access without changing the system macroscopically. Examples of microstates include molecular speeds, bond rotations, vibrations, molecular structures, etc Thermodynamic definition: dS=dqrevT d S = d q r e v T Entropy equations for an isothermal change in volume of an ideal gas: ?Ssys=nRln(V2V1) ? S s y s = n R ln V 2 V 1

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