Quantitative Data Analysis For Political Science In Excel

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Assignment 2 Quantitative data analysis The aim of this assignment is to descriptively analyse and present data in a clear and correct manner with the Excel software. More concretely, this assignment examines: 1.)students’ understanding of how to analyse quantitative data;2.)students’ ability to analyse quantitative data, and to present the data and results in a clear and correct manner;3.)students’ professional skills of working with Excel, which is a widespread software in the professional world, user-friendly to present data and more accessible than other statistical programmes such as SPSS. Democratic backsliding, that is de-democratization is an increasing concern in many democracies around the world. Next to the rise of right-wing populist parties which tend to favour more authoritarian governance styles, neo-liberal policies that enforce marketplace mechanisms on the educational sector and thereby hamper the role of education in raising autonomous and critical participants in democracies, are seen as a potential threat for democracies. In this assignment, you are asked to investigate two questions: 1) Is there really a change in the amount of democracies? And 2) Are today’s democracies truly spending a different amount on education than in the past? On Canvas, you find an excel data file and a Codebook (pdf). This data is taken from the Quality of Governance Dataset. Note that this dataset is a compilation of several existing country-level datasets. Download this data file and save it before you start. Be careful, each student will get an individualized data set, and every time you download the data, it will be slightly different. The data contains two variables:- Variable: ht_regtype1 (regime type)- Variable: wdi_expedu (education expenditure)Before you start, take a look at the codebook. You find descriptions of the variables on page 566 (wdi_expedu) and on page 332 (ht_regtype1). It is recommended to also read the descriptions of variable ht_regtype (starting on page 331) to better understand the ht_regtype1 variable. Data and analysis ? Familiarize yourself with the data (read the information on the two variables in the codebook). ? Inspect the ‘regime type’ variable (ht_regtype1). What is the level of measurement of this variable? Which descriptive statistics make sense for this 2variable? Compute the relevant summary statistics and graphs for this variable, and investigate the distribution of this variable. ? Compute the proportion of democracies in the data set and calculate the 95% confidence interval. ? According to an earlier measurement, out of 185 countries 90 were democratic in 2000. Use the confidence interval method (i.e. compare the two confidence intervals) to decide whether the proportion of democracies significantly differs between now and then. ? Inspect the ‘education expenditure’ variable (wdi_expedu). What is the level of measurement of this variable? Which descriptive statistics make sense for this variable? Compute the relevant summary statistics and graphs for this variable, and investigate the distribution of this variable. ? What is the average education expenditure of those regimes that are democratic? ? According to an earlier measurement, the average education expenditure of democracies was 4,695 in 2000. Compare the mean education expenditure of democracies in 2000 and today (2019). Formulate appropriate hypotheses and investigate whether there is a statistically significant difference between the expenditure on education now and then. Tip: This significance test can be done with one of the test statistics that have been discussed in the lectures. There is no need to go beyond what has been discussed in the lectures. Reporting Write up your findings (1800-2000 words). Write the process report, in which you discuss not only your results, but also specify the steps that you have undertaken to achieve these results (details can be included in the appendix or in the submitted excel file). Structure your assignment as usual with a short introduction and conclusion and a main text. The main text should contain at least the following aspects: ? Shortly describe and reflect on the data. What kind of research design is this? What is the unit of analysis in this research? How was this data generated? ? Provide a descriptive analysis of the variables, including meaningful and readable tables and graphs. ? Report the proportion of democracies in 2019 and in 2000. Interpret your confidence intervals and decide whether the proportion of democratic countries has changed significantly over time. ? Report on the comparison between education expenditure of democracies today (that is in 2019) and in 2000. Explicitly formulate your hypotheses and describe how you proceeded to test for statistical significance. Interpret your findings. 3? Edit any tables and graphs according to the guidelines in Foster, Diamond & Jefferies (2015). Producing correct and readable graphs and tables is an explicit task of this assignment and will count towards your grade. ? Respect the basic writing requirements with regard to word count, spelling/grammar (see appendix B of the course syllabus) and plagiarism (see course syllabus, section ‘Rules Regarding Fraud and Plagiarism)
Confidence Interval Descriptive Statistics Assignment Grammar
Attachments
Orignial data cname ht_regtype1 wdi_expedu Afghanistan 4 4.0589 Albania 100 3.6117 Algeria 4 Andorra 3.2171 Angola 4 Antigua and Barbuda 100 Azerbaijan 4 2.4738 Argentina 100 5.4622 Australia 100 5.1242 Austria 100 5.3580 Bahamas 100 Bahrain 1 2.3278 Bangladesh 4 1.5355 Armenia 4 2.7076 Barbados 100 4.3664 Belgium 100 6.4123 Bhutan 4 7.2257 Bolivia 100 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 Botswana 100 Brazil 100 6.3225 Belize 100 7.5099 Solomon Islands 100 Brunei 1 4.4254 Bulgaria 100 4.0925 Myanmar 2 2.0877 Burundi 4 4.7620 Belarus 4 4.7950 Cambodia 4 2.1629 Cameroon 4 3.1548 Canada 100 Cape Verde 100 5.1817 Central African Republic 99 Sri Lanka 4 2.7992 Chad 4 2.4548 Chile 100 5.4195 China 3 Taiwan 100 Colombia 100 4.5355 Comoros 100 2.5451 Congo 2 5.4651 Congo, Democratic Republic 2 1.4549 Costa Rica 100 7.3157 Croatia 100 3.9171 Cuba 3 Cyprus (1975-) 100 5.7772 Czech Republic 100 3.8540 Benin 100 3.5356 Denmark 100 7.8161 Dominica 100 5.5735 Dominican Republic 100 Ecuador 100 4.9987 El Salvador 100 3.7252 Equatorial Guinea 4 Ethiopia (1993-) 4 4.7379 Eritrea 2 Estonia 100 4.9734 Fiji 4 Finland 100 6.3762 France (1963-) 100 5.4516 Djibouti 4 3.7486 Gabon 4 2.6667 Georgia 100 3.5744 Gambia 4 2.4203 Germany 100 4.9051 Ghana 100 3.6180 Kiribati Greece 100 Grenada 100 3.1738 Guatemala 100 2.9518 Guinea 4 2.3177 Guyana 100 6.2301 Haiti 4 2.6895 Honduras 4 6.0675 Hungary 100 4.6671 Iceland 100 7.6582 India 100 Indonesia 100 3.5836 Iran 99 3.7904 Iraq 4 Ireland 100 3.5069 Israel 100 6.0926 Italy 100 4.0449 Cote d'Ivoire 4 3.8035 Jamaica 100 5.2606 Japan 100 3.1822 Kazakhstan 4 2.7508 Jordan 1 3.2840 Kenya 100 5.3667 Korea, North 3 Korea, South 100 4.3331 Kuwait 1 Kyrgyzstan 4 6.0262 Laos 3 2.9378 Lebanon 4 Lesotho 100 7.9633 Latvia 100 4.3971 Liberia 4 2.7613 Libya 99 Liechtenstein Lithuania 100 3.8128 Luxembourg 100 3.5696 Madagascar 4 2.8255 Malawi 4 4.0313 Malaysia (1966-) 4 4.6776 Maldives 4 4.0997 Mali 4 3.7873 Malta 100 4.8244 Mauritania 2 1.9441 Mauritius 100 5.0231 Mexico 100 4.5228 Monaco 1.4579 Mongolia 100 4.0886 Moldova 100 5.6184 Montenegro 100 Morocco 1 Mozambique 4 5.5056 Oman 1 Namibia 100 Nauru Nepal 4 5.5184 Netherlands 100 5.1751 Vanuatu 100 4.5335 New Zealand 100 6.2837 Nicaragua 100 4.3577 Niger 4 2.5817 Nigeria 4 Norway 100 7.9120 Micronesia 100 12.4079 Marshall Islands 100 Palau 100 Pakistan (1971-) 4 2.8995 Panama 100 Papua New Guinea 4 1.9649 Paraguay 100 3.4383 Peru 100 3.9313 Philippines 100 Poland 100 4.5596 Portugal 100 5.0156 Guinea-Bissau 4 Timor-Leste 100 7.0605 Qatar 2.8638 Romania 100 3.0954 Russia 4 4.6899 Rwanda 4 3.1108 St Kitts and Nevis 100 2.6435 St Lucia 100 3.3318 St Vincent and the Grenadines 100 5.7320 San Marino 3.3703 Sao Tome and Principe 100 5.0842 Saudi Arabia 1 Senegal 100 4.6250 Serbia 3.7151 Seychelles 4 4.4210 Sierra Leone 100 4.6358 Singapore 4 Slovakia 100 3.9391 Vietnam 3 4.1674 Slovenia 100 4.7832 Somalia 4 South Africa 100 6.1131 Zimbabwe 4 5.8188 Spain 100 4.2077 South Sudan 99 1.5439 Sudan (2012-) Suriname 100 Eswatini (former Swaziland) 1 7.0703 Sweden 100 7.5688 Switzerland 100 5.1302 Syria 99 Tajikistan 4 5.2314 Thailand 2 Togo 4 4.9898 Tonga 100 Trinidad and Tobago 100 United Arab Emirates 1 Tunisia 100 6.5960 Turkey 4 Turkmenistan 3 Tuvalu Uganda 4 2.2720 Ukraine 4 5.4123 North Macedonia 100 Egypt 2 United Kingdom 100 5.4421 Tanzania 4 4.4305 United States 100 4.9617 Burkina Faso 99 5.6035 Uruguay 100 4.8403 Uzbekistan 3 5.2813 Venezuela 4 Samoa 100 4.1622 Yemen 99 Zambia 100 3.7297 data cname ht_regtype1 wdi_expedu Afghanistan 4 4.0589 The level of measurement in the ht__regtype1 variable is nominal Albania 100 3.6117 Algeria 4 Andorra 3.2171 Angola 4 Antigua and Barbuda 100 Azerbaijan 4 2.4738 Argentina 100 5.4622 Australia 100 5.1242 Austria 100 5.3580 Bahamas 100 Bahrain 1 2.3278 Bangladesh 4 1.5355 Armenia 4 2.7076 Barbados 100 4.3664 Belgium 100 6.4123 Bhutan 4 7.2257 Bolivia 100 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 Botswana 100 Brazil 100 6.3225 Belize 100 7.5099 Solomon Islands 100 Brunei 1 4.4254 Bulgaria 100 4.0925 Myanmar 2 2.0877 Burundi 4 4.7620 Belarus 4 4.7950 Cambodia 4 2.1629 Cameroon 4 3.1548 Canada 100 Cape Verde 100 5.1817 Central African Republic 99 Sri Lanka 4 2.7992 Chad 4 2.4548 Chile 100 5.4195 China 3 Taiwan 100 Colombia 100 4.5355 Comoros 100 2.5451 Congo 2 5.4651 Congo, Democratic Republic 2 1.4549 Costa Rica 100 7.3157 Croatia 100 3.9171 Cuba 3 Cyprus (1975-) 100 5.7772 Czech Republic 100 3.8540 Benin 100 3.5356 Denmark 100 7.8161 Dominica 100 5.5735 Dominican Republic 100 Ecuador 100 4.9987 El Salvador 100 3.7252 Equatorial Guinea 4 Ethiopia (1993-) 4 4.7379 Eritrea 2 Estonia 100 4.9734 Fiji 4 Finland 100 6.3762 France (1963-) 100 5.4516 Djibouti 4 3.7486 Gabon 4 2.6667 Georgia 100 3.5744 Gambia 4 2.4203 Germany 100 4.9051 Ghana 100 3.6180 Kiribati Greece 100 Grenada 100 3.1738 Guatemala 100 2.9518 Guinea 4 2.3177 Guyana 100 6.2301 Haiti 4 2.6895 Honduras 4 6.0675 Hungary 100 4.6671 Iceland 100 7.6582 India 100 Indonesia 100 3.5836 Iran 99 3.7904 Iraq 4 Ireland 100 3.5069 Israel 100 6.0926 Italy 100 4.0449 Cote d'Ivoire 4 3.8035 Jamaica 100 5.2606 Japan 100 3.1822 Kazakhstan 4 2.7508 Jordan 1 3.2840 Kenya 100 5.3667 Korea, North 3 Korea, South 100 4.3331 Kuwait 1 Kyrgyzstan 4 6.0262 Laos 3 2.9378 Lebanon 4 Lesotho 100 7.9633 Latvia 100 4.3971 Liberia 4 2.7613 Libya 99 Liechtenstein Lithuania 100 3.8128 Luxembourg 100 3.5696 Madagascar 4 2.8255 Malawi 4 4.0313 Malaysia (1966-) 4 4.6776 Maldives 4 4.0997 Mali 4 3.7873 Malta 100 4.8244 Mauritania 2 1.9441 Mauritius 100 5.0231 Mexico 100 4.5228 Monaco 1.4579 Mongolia 100 4.0886 Moldova 100 5.6184 Montenegro 100 Morocco 1 Mozambique 4 5.5056 Oman 1 Namibia 100 Nauru Nepal 4 5.5184 Netherlands 100 5.1751 Vanuatu 100 4.5335 New Zealand 100 6.2837 Nicaragua 100 4.3577 Niger 4 2.5817 Nigeria 4 Norway 100 7.9120 Micronesia 100 12.4079 Marshall Islands 100 Palau 100 Pakistan (1971-) 4 2.8995 Panama 100 Papua New Guinea 4 1.9649 Paraguay 100 3.4383 Peru 100 3.9313 Philippines 100 Poland 100 4.5596 Portugal 100 5.0156 Guinea-Bissau 4 Timor-Leste 100 7.0605 Qatar 2.8638 Romania 100 3.0954 Russia 4 4.6899 Rwanda 4 3.1108 St Kitts and Nevis 100 2.6435 St Lucia 100 3.3318 St Vincent and the Grenadines 100 5.7320 San Marino 3.3703 Sao Tome and Principe 100 5.0842 Saudi Arabia 1 Senegal 100 4.6250 Serbia 3.7151 Seychelles 4 4.4210 Sierra Leone 100 4.6358 Singapore 4 Slovakia 100 3.9391 Vietnam 3 4.1674 Slovenia 100 4.7832 Somalia 4 South Africa 100 6.1131 Zimbabwe 4 5.8188 Spain 100 4.2077 South Sudan 99 1.5439 Sudan (2012-) Suriname 100 Eswatini (former Swaziland) 1 7.0703 Sweden 100 7.5688 Switzerland 100 5.1302 Syria 99 Tajikistan 4 5.2314 Thailand 2 Togo 4 4.9898 Tonga 100 Trinidad and Tobago 100 United Arab Emirates 1 Tunisia 100 6.5960 Turkey 4 Turkmenistan 3 Tuvalu Uganda 4 2.2720 Ukraine 4 5.4123 North Macedonia 100 Egypt 2 United Kingdom 100 5.4421 Tanzania 4 4.4305 United States 100 4.9617 Burkina Faso 99 5.6035 Uruguay 100 4.8403 Uzbekistan 3 5.2813 Venezuela 4 Samoa 100 4.1622 Yemen 99 Zambia 100 3.7297
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